Journal: Plants

Article Title: Induction of Defense Responses and Partial Control of Powdery Mildew and Gray Mold in Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay by Pseudomonas protegens -Based Formulations

doi: 10.3390/plants15091371

Figure Lengend Snippet: Heat map representation of the relative expression levels of five defense-related genes ( pr1 , pr2 , pr10 , pal , and lox9 ) in grapevine tissues following treatment with biological and chemical inducers. Expression profiles were analyzed in grapevine leaves at 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT) ( a ) and in grapevine berries at 7, 14, and 21 DAT ( b ). Transcript levels were normalized using the reference genes act and ubc and are expressed relative to the untreated control (UTC). Heat map values represent median fold-change values derived from independent biological replicates for each treatment and time point. Treatments included MG (MaxGrowth), TNR (TANIRI ® WP), and ASM (BION ® 50 WG). Color intensity indicates relative expression levels, with a gradient from dark blue (lower expression) to dark red (higher expression).

Article Snippet: ASM , BION ® 50 WG (Syngenta ® ) , 0.2 g·L −1.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Derivative Assay

Journal: Plants

Article Title: Induction of Defense Responses and Partial Control of Powdery Mildew and Gray Mold in Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay by Pseudomonas protegens -Based Formulations

doi: 10.3390/plants15091371

Figure Lengend Snippet: Severity of Erysiphe necator on leaf discs ( a ) and severity of Botrytis cinerea infection on leaf discs ( b ), measured as the percentage of leaf surface area affected. Treatments included a control treated with distilled water (UTC), Pseudomonas protegens strains Ca2 and ChC7 (PP1), a dust formulation (TANIRI ® WP [TNR]), a liquid suspension formulation (MaxGrowth [MG]), and acibenzolar-S-methyl (BION ® 50 WG [ASM]). Leaf discs were assessed 7 days after inoculation and maintained at 25 °C . Error bars represent the standard error (SE) of the mean between biological replicates ( n = 12). Statistical differences in panel ( b ) are indicated by different letters above the bars, based on Tukey’s HSD test ( p ≤ 0.05).

Article Snippet: ASM , BION ® 50 WG (Syngenta ® ) , 0.2 g·L −1.

Techniques: Infection, Control, Formulation, Suspension

Journal: Plants

Article Title: Induction of Defense Responses and Partial Control of Powdery Mildew and Gray Mold in Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay by Pseudomonas protegens -Based Formulations

doi: 10.3390/plants15091371

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efficacy of the control of natural infection of powdery mildew ( a ) and Botrytis bunch rot ( b ) on Chardonnay grape bunches using biological and chemical bioinducers. Disease severity on grape bunches, expressed as the percentage of organs with visible disease signs or symptoms was assessed by visual inspection. The graph shows the mean percentage of bunches with symptoms for each treatment, with error bars representing standard errors (SE) among biological replicates. Treatments included an untreated control (UTC), MaxGrowth (MG), TANIRI ® WP (TNR), and BION ® 50 WG (ASM) and chemical/biological program based in six spraying of Sulfur, followed of four spraying of Bacillus subtilis QST-713 (SUL/Bs). Powdery mildew severity was assessed at the EL 31 stage after four initial treatments sprayings (30 bunches per plot), while Botrytis cinerea severity was assessed on harvest grape bunches (EL38) following ten sprays of the treatment along the season, and after 7 days of incubation in humidity chambers at 25 °C (18 bunches per plot). Different letters in each panel indicate significant differences among treatments according Tukey’s HSD test ( p ≤ 0.05).

Article Snippet: ASM , BION ® 50 WG (Syngenta ® ) , 0.2 g·L −1.

Techniques: Control, Infection, Process/Product Development, Incubation

Journal: Endoscopy International Open

Article Title: Use of rebamipide solution as a submucosal injection material to prevent esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection: Animal study

doi: 10.1055/a-2820-3721

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathologic evaluation of ulcer healing. a Thickness of granulation tissue and representative images of Azan-Mallory staining in the rebamipide and control groups on POD 7 (Scale bar, 1000 µm). The rebamipide group exhibited a greater thickness of granulation tissue compared with the control group (718.0 ± 144.0 µm vs. 589.6 ± 84.9 µm), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.12). b The number of microvessels and representative images of α-SMA sections in the rebamipide and control groups on POD 7 (Scale bar, 50 µm). Although the rebamipide group showed a greater number of microvessels (17.0 ± 3.4 vs. 13.8 ± 1.5), the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). c Widths of absent muscularis mucosae and representative images of Azan Mallory staining in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14 and 21 (Scale bar, 2500 µm for POD 7; 1000 µm for PODs 14 and 21). Mean widths in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14, and 21 were 13.8 ± 2.8 ×10³/µm vs. 13.9 ± 2.2 ×10³/µm (P = 0.93), 4.0 ± 1.7 ×10³/µm vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 ×10³/µm (P = 0.33), and 2.3 ± 1.6 ×10³/µm vs. 3.5 ± 2.2 ×10³/µm (P = 0.37), respectively. Although widths tended to be shorter in the rebamipide group on PODs 14 and 21, no statistically significant differences were detected. Linear mixed‑effects analysis revealed no significant group-time interaction. α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; POD, postoperative day.

Article Snippet: Serial sections were cut for immunostaining using the mouse monoclonal anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody (1:400 dilution, 1A4/asm-1; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, Colorado, United States).

Techniques: Staining, Control

Journal: Endoscopy International Open

Article Title: Use of rebamipide solution as a submucosal injection material to prevent esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection: Animal study

doi: 10.1055/a-2820-3721

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathologic evaluation of fibrosis formation. a Proportion of α-SMA-positive cells and representative images of α-SMA sections in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14, and 21 (Scale bar, 50 µm). Proportions of α‑SMA–positive cells in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14, and 21 were 29.0 ± 9.1% vs. 35.1 ± 9.0% (P = 0.22), 24.3 ± 7.9% vs. 27.4 ± 7.5% (P = 0.52), and 19.2 ± 2.2% vs. 25.8 ± 7.4% (P = 0.18), respectively ( a ). Although none of these differences were statistically significant, the rebamipide group consistently showed lower proportions of α‑SMA–positive cells across all time points. Linear mixed‑effects analysis revealed no significant group–time interaction. b Thickness of fibrosis and representative images of Azan-Mallory staining in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14, and 21 (Scale bar, 500 µm). Thickness of fibrosis in the rebamipide and control groups on PODs 7, 14, and 21 was 558.6 ± 169.7 µm vs. 450.8 ± 131.1 µm (P = 0.58), 807.0 ± 238.9 µm vs. 972.8 ± 395.1 µm (P = 0.40), and 782.8 ± 281.5 µm vs. 1087.0 ± 476.0 µm (P = 0.13), respectively. Fibrosis progressed on POD 7 but was attenuated on PODs 14 and 21 in the rebamipide group compared with the control group. Linear mixed‑effects analysis demonstrated a significant group–time interaction, with the between‑group difference becoming evident at POD 21 (P = 0.049). α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; POD, postoperative day

Article Snippet: Serial sections were cut for immunostaining using the mouse monoclonal anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody (1:400 dilution, 1A4/asm-1; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, Colorado, United States).

Techniques: Control, Staining